Management Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The executives Planning - Essay Example In words by Nash (2006) arranging of the executives frameworks guarantees there is an ideal progression of thoughts and procedures all through a particular timeframe and of the necessary consistency. Similar slants are repeated by Humby, Hunt and Philips (2006) who contends that consistency in the supervisory crew makes the entire distinction as far as greatness and accomplishment in an association. The board arranging includes all the variables and office in an association. All divisions in an association have various targets and objectives set to them for accomplishment. For a decent supervisory crew, every one of these targets ought to be accomplished inside the predetermined course of events and by the necessary measures. In making a decent administration arranging frameworks, office heads ought to be remembered for the arranging structure. On the side of this recommendation, Vanessa (2010) contends that administration arranging includes a greater amount of fuse of the entire ass ociation as opposed to the top supervisory group. The creator further contends that workers ought to likewise be viewed as while defining an administration plan. The brief of the paper will be an incorporation of the elements that influence administrative presentation. Moreover, arrangements and proposals to fathom these components will be given. For a reasonable point of view, the paper will break down the administrative execution of TESCO PLC Company. ... In its activity, the organizations sell at any rate 40, 000 items in its stores. From its deals, their image represents a sum of half of the business (Datamonitor, 2004). This reality has been made conceivable by the way that the association has been in the market for a huge period to increase a huge upper hand and buyer support. The all out represented clients of the association include 3.4 million individuals (Datamonitor, 2004). Aside from the outside condition achievement, the interior plan of the association is exceptional. The association has an all around defined and conservative administrative group headed by the administrator of the official board. Underneath the administrator there are various official places that are planned for partitioning the administrative obligations over the entire association. The association has seven official board individuals in administrative positions and seven non official board individuals in the other administrative positions. An incorporati on to the supervisory crew is the organization secretary who falls under the senior supervisory crew (Datamonitor, 2004). Clarify how relational connections and relational abilities influence administrative execution In any association correspondence and connections structure the premise of the achievement of an association. In words by Jordan (2008) relational connections in an association shape the hierarchical culture. The creator further contends that correspondence in an association is an incredible determinant of the hierarchical culture in an association. The impact of these two factors on the administrative execution depends on the particular necessities of the workers. For example, the supervisory crew is furnished with the commitment of giving guidelines and

8th Journal Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

eighth Journal - Movie Review Example Occupants of a waterfront little town of Nuadkhibu live in desire for a brilliant future. Prior to going to Europe, 17-year-old Abdalla visits his mom who lives in this settlement. The person doesnt communicate in neighborhood language and appears to be an alien to local people. He likewise doesnt like provincial way’s obsolescence. Nonetheless, having got to know individuals closer, Abdalla begins feeling the call of the blood. Such portrayal can make a feeling that the plot is sentimental, however in the event that to watch the entire film, it turns out to be certain that the film delineates genuine occasions which happen when outsiders go to a nation and attempt to force their standards. The occupants of the town experience the ill effects of strict political radicalism. The strict political radicalism is strictly roused action coordinated on brutal difference in a political framework or fierce seizure of intensity, infringement of the power and regional trustworthiness of the state, on inception of strict hardship and contempt for this reason. Just as the ethno-patriot fanaticism, strict political radicalism speaks to a sort of political fanaticism. It is recognized by certain trademark highlights, which make it not quite the same as different kinds of fanaticism. The strict and political radicalism dismisses the chance of dealings, bargain, and accord arrangements of socio-political issues. Supporters of strict and political radicalism are recognized by extraordinary prejudice comparable to each and every individual who doesn't share their political perspectives, remembering siblings for confidence. For them there are no guidelines in the round of governmental issu es, no outskirts. The Malian city of Timbuktu shows up in strict extremists’ occupation, and the devotees of jihad carry out violations here consistently. In excess of a portion of the city is involved by the newcomers, and ladies endure more than men. Through the narrative of Kidan, Fatima, their girl Toya and little herder Issan, Abdurrahman Sissako communicates a dissent against the hard

How to Plan and Execute a Press Conference

How to Plan and Execute a Press Conference Turn on the television and tune in on the news, where you will see a prominent person standing before a group of journalists or reporters who are asking questions. Open the news dailies and you will read news articles where this or that personality made announcements during a specific time and date that he or she met with members of the press.In these instances, what took place was a press conference. © Shutterstock | stockphoto maniaThis guide explains 1) what is a press conference, 2) the pros and cons of a press conference, 3) how businesses utilize press conferences, and 4) how to plan and execute a press conference like a pro.WHAT IS A PRESS CONFERENCE?The simple definition of a press conference is an interview that is given by a prominent individual or personality to journalists in order to make an announcement, provide information, or answer inquiries. It is an organized event, meaning it has structure and order. Granted, you may have heard of press conferences being conducted on the fly but, more often than not, these are “ambush interviews”, due to their abrupt nature.Why are press conferences important? Press conferences are very useful and actually play a very important role in society as a whole. Political and business announcements are made efficient by these press conferences. Celebrated personalities, and other public figures also benefit from press conferences . Here are some of the benefits of a press conference.It helps in information dissemination. Do you have important and relevant information that you want the public to know? Do you have something newsworthy to share? Then consider holding a press conference. Of course, you may opt to conduct one-on-one interviews with journalists, but a press conference will allow you to interact with more than one or two journalists at one time, thus saving you a lot of time, money and resources in its planning and execution.It is a helpful response tool. Are you currently facing issues against your person or that of your business, and you want to clear up matters in one fell swoop? A good way to do that is through a press conference. It is an excellent avenue to address issues that may plague you or your business.It is a very good public relations tool. Whether you are an individual, group or a business seeking to attract media attention, conducting press conferences will come in handy. Gaining me dia exposure is not limited to the traditional methods of advertising, since a press conference can also do the trick.It is a good advertising alternative. We mentioned media exposure earlier, and we all know that it could lead to greater brand recognition hence it is also another affordable way for the brand to gain an authoritative position in the market. The advantage of a press conference is how it actually costs less than your conventional advertising or promotional campaign. However, you need to already have a name for yourself before you can use it effectively.PROS AND CONS OF A PRESS CONFERENCEHere are several of the most common advantages and disadvantages of conducting press conferences. Go over them and decide whether holding a press conference is a good step for you to take.AdvantagesIt is convenient and time-saving. As we said earlier, it accomplished the objective in one fell swoop. All the reporters or journalists are gathered in one place or one room at a single time , and the announcement will be made only once, as opposed to meeting several journalists in turn and making the same announcement or answering the same questions over and over.It ensures maximum impact for the information or announcement made. To the general public, the mere fact that a number of reporters or journalists paid attention enough to attend the press conference means that the announcement is, at the very least, newsworthy.It lets you reach a larger audience. There may only be a dozen reporters in the room when you hold the press conference. However, once these reporters disseminate the news you provided in their respective channels, you can be assured that your news will reach lots of people.It helps you build a relationship with members of the press or media. Having friends in the media is seen to be a good thing, and involving them in your press conferences is a good way to start.It lets you control the flow of information. You only tell the press what you want them to know. It is entirely within your control what information to share and what to withhold.DisadvantagesIt requires planning. A press conference has to be planned in order for it to be successful, and this means taking into consideration logistics, correspondence between the parties involved and several other factors.It is less targeted. More often than not, the audience will be the general public.This means that even those who are not part of your target audience will be exposed to the information or announcement you shared once the journalists release them.PRESS CONFERENCES IN BUSINESSFrom the above discussions, you may already have an idea how press conferences could be beneficial to businesses. We can actually sum it up in two words: public relations, and this could encompass aspects such as advertising, marketing and press relations.Businesses often hold press conferences in the following instances:To announce changes in organizational structure, such as changes or transitions in management and leadership. If a new CEO is appointed, it is a good platform to introduce him or her. You may have heard about previously privately-held and owned companies going public. One of the steps they take is to hold a press conference to announce their upcoming IPO.To announce the launch of new products and services, or product lines and services.To announce important collaborations or partnerships with other businesses or institutions.To address issues or complaints from customers or the general public, regarding the products and services offered by the company.To publicize an upcoming activity or significant event by your company that you want members of the general public or of your target market to participate in.Before going on full “let’s conduct a press conference” mode, you first have to ascertain whether you really need to conduct one or not. Maybe there are other, more suitable, ways for you to get your message across, without having to organize a press or n ews conference.If your evaluation shows that a press conference is the best method, then you can get started on planning and executing one.PLANNING A PRESS CONFERENCEOrganizing a press conference starts from the planning stage. This is where you start from scratch, and work your way to the point where you are able to execute the press conference smoothly. The success of a press conference relies largely on the planning. If it was done poorly, then it is almost a given that the resulting press conference will not be as successful as expected or hoped for.Give yourself ample time to plan the press conference. You do not want to be rushing in the 11th hour. It would be a good idea to start planning several weeks ahead of the target date of the press conference. Not only will this ensure that you will have more than enough time to get everything together, it will also give you more room to make adjustments if and when necessary.When planning a press conference, here are the items that y ou should focus on.The topicWhat message do you want to convey during the press conference? What is the announcement that you want to make? What are the issues that your company wants to address?You have to be clear on the message or the topic, so you won’t be diverted during the press conference. The topic will also be prominently displayed in the press kit that you will be distributing to the press, so you have to make sure you have all the correct details.[slideshare id=63062031doc=howtoorganizeasuccessfulpressconference-160614174436w=640h=330]The date and time of the press conferenceYou cannot pick just any random date and time to have the press conference, or base it solely on which day on the calendar is blank, or when the senior management members who will be speaking in the press conference are free. Timing is also very crucial when scheduling a press conference.Remember that you will be inviting journalists and reporters to your news conference, and they are ingrained to go where the newsworthy events are. If the news or information that you will share during the press conference is not relevant or newsworthy for them at that particular time, they are more likely to ignore you and look for other, more relevant and newsworthy events instead.Pick a date when the interest of the journalists for your announcement will still be high. Do not put it off for too long, to the extent that your announcement will no longer be of any interest to them.The time of the day when the press conference will be conducted is also important. Journalists are very busy people. If you hold it too late in the day, they may not come because they will be too busy working on their news articles for the next day. Choose a time where you can get the highest attendance by the media, ensuring maximum press coverage.Ensure that there won’t be a conflict in the schedule. Will there be other events that coincide with your press conference, with the potential of drawing the attention and interest of journalists from you? You should also consider the schedule of the media people that you will be inviting, especially if they have deadlines or equally important events to handle.Select the location of the press conferenceLocation, or the venue of the press conference, is just as important as the date and time.The location must be accessible. It must be easy to reach by the journalists. Having a long travel time to get to the location is one way to discourage reporters from attending a press conference, and you do not want that to happen.The location must be relevant to the event. There must be some relation to, say, the announcement that you are making, or to the company itself. Some businesses conduct press conferences in their own places of business or headquarters, especially if they have rooms or spaces that are large enough to accommodate big crowds.The location must be well-equipped with the facilities and equipment that you will need in the conduct of the pre ss conference. Consider the availability of network connections, parking spaces for the reporters, and other communication tools and utilities.The location should be visually appealing. It must be clean and even attractive. Imagine having to hold a press conference in a cramped space, with poor lighting and ventilation. If you are a business hoping to make a good impression, then this is not a good way to go about it. For sure, the reporters may no longer want to attend any of your succeeding press conferences. It can even affect their impression of your company.The location must be conducive to interaction and communication. This means that it should not be in the middle of a noisy street or thoroughfare, where your audience will have a hard time hearing you, or where the managers or spokespersons of the company will have a difficult time concentrating because of too much noise and distraction. Select the main players and train themThere are two main players in a press conference: the speakers and the moderator.During the press conference, the speaker or speakers will be the face of the business or the company. They are the ones to deliver the message, make the announcement, or answer the questions from the journalists. Therefore, you should not assign just any random person.Even if the speaker is a member of the senior management, or one who is fully knowledgeable about the company, he is still not exempt from studying and training for the event.The speaker or main participants:Must be knowledgeable, not only about the topic, but other related topics. They may start out by reading a written statement, but when they are going to be asked questions later on, they should be able to readily answer them with confidence, without having to resort to looking over notes the whole time. The speaker should make the effort to study the areas where he may lack knowledge of, in time for the press conference.Must be articulate, and can speak with command and clarity. They should be able to speak confidently, with the ability to command the attention of the audience and engage them in discussion.The moderator acts as the master of ceremonies, so to speak, facilitating the whole exchange between the speakers and the audience. This person will basically control and regulate the flow of the discussion, so that the participants stick to the topic.The moderator must:Be experienced with dealing with the press. Normally, businesses pick a moderator that has prior experience in moderating press conferences.Have more than basic knowledge about the topic or the issue.Have a commanding presence, since this is the person that has to be the one on the driver’s seat, in control of the press conference.Train them by providing the necessary materials for the press conference, such as reading materials on the topic or issue and other related literature. Conducting a dress rehearsal is also encouraged, as it will put the moderator and speakers in a simulated conduct of the press conference.Identify the media representatives to be invitedFirst, you have to come up with a list of journalists, reporters and media personalities that you want to invite to the press conference. Pick the journalists that work on beats related to your business, or have an interest in the announcement or issues that you will make or address.Write and distribute the press releaseConsider the press release as your invitation to the media for your event, which is the press conference. In your press release, indicate the following:The date, time and location of the press conferenceThe reason why you are holding a press conferenceWhy they should attend the press conferenceAt least a week before the slated date of the press conference, send the press release to the media people you want to attend the event. Contact the media people on your list via e-mail or direct phone calls, if only to call their attention to the press release you distributed.On the day before the press co nference, contact them again for final confirmation (and as a final reminder) of the press conference the next day.Develop a press kitTo further aid the reporters and journalists during the press conference, you have to distribute press kits, which are basically folders containing the information about the topic, message or issue that will be tackled during the press conference. The usual contents are:Information on the speakers or other participants of the press conference;Information on the topic, including supporting documents such as photographs, case studies, and even related news stories, articles or other published materials.A copy of the final press releaseWhen developing a press kit, it is better to have extra copies, rather than preparing the exact number and running out of copies in the event that more press people attend the conference.Make sure all the necessary arrangements are in placeNaturally, you are expected to oversee the finer details, such as the reservations o f the venue, if the press conference is to be conducted outside of your place of business. If you will require the assistance of external parties for the lighting, catering, sound system and the like, you also have to make sure the arrangements are all made and ironed out.EXECUTION OF A PRESS CONFERENCEOn the day of the press conference, you have to be on your toes, since this is the culmination of what you have worked on planning for the past several weeks.Before the Press ConferenceCheck that the venue is prepared, along with the visuals, the seats, the equipment, the refreshments, and all others. Take note of the seating arrangement, as well as the tables and chairs prepared for the speakers and the moderator.Provide a means for the participants to log in their attendance. This is for keeping a record of attendees for future reference. You can also use it as a means of collecting information like phone numbers from journalists. Such information can come in handy in future.Make su re the participants (the speakers and moderator) are prepared for the press conference.Have someone welcome the participants as they arrive, handing their press kits to them.Start the press conference on time.During the Press ConferenceDocument the press conference by recording it on video. It is possible that the media may request for any footage you may take of the event for future reference.Try as much as possible to stick to the schedule, such as the amount of time allotted for each speaker.Allow the moderator to lead the flow of the question-and-answer portion with the press people.End the press conference by thanking everyone who attended.After the Press ConferenceReview the documentation or recording of the press conference. This is so that you can see where you fell short in the conduct of the press conference. It is also one way to ascertain whether the message was delivered as planned.Contact the media people and outlets represented, in case they may need something else fr om you, such as additional press kits or documentation. You’d definitely want to establish a good relationship with the press, and keeping in touch with them. You can start by thanking them for their attendance.

Essay Sex, Sensuality and Religion in The Book of Margery...

Sex, Sensuality and Religion in The Book of Margery Kempe Baron Richard Von Krafft-Ebing, a 19th century German psychiatrist, was quoted as having said, We find that the sexual instinct, when disappointed and unappeased, frequently seeks and finds a substitute in religion. This may have been the condition of Margery Kempe when she desired to cease all sexual activity with her spouse because of her devotion to God. Instead of performing her duties as a wife, she chose instead to spread her knowledge of God to her community and did so not only in speech, but also in literature. Whatever her motivation for creating such descriptive language, it is evident that her faith in God conquered both her fear of public opinion and the†¦show more content†¦In The Book of Margery Kempe we see many instances where she expresses her religious faith through her senses. For example, evidence of her extreme inspiration exists in her sense of touch. Like other devotees, primarily male, when she first began to commune personally with God, she did great bodily penance (20). Along with wearing a hair-cloth beneath her skirt, she also gave herself up to great fasting†¦ (20). Showing repentance through a willingness to undergo bodily harm was a sign of true faith, but was not usually exhibited by women to the extent we find it in Kempe. In addition, after her first personal heavenly message, she renounces sexual activity with her husband for God, saying she would rather [eat]†¦the muck in the gutter than consent to any fleshly communing (20). Although he does not agree to heed her wishes readily, after many years and fourteen children he agrees to respect her vow of celibacy. By secretly wearing such a horribly uncomfortable cloth, not eating, and refraining from sexual contact--all decisions which translate the literal feelings of the physical body to the spiritual--she expresses her religious faith through her senses. Kempe also experiences spirituality through her hearing. When first she comes to realize her sinfulness, she hears beautiful music. In fact, it is this music--which she alone can hear--which sparks her conversion. In Chapter 3, she says that while in bed one night, she heard a

America Needs A Better System of Gun Control Essay

Gun control has become an increasingly controversial topic in the nation due to the continuous debates relating to gun control and whether or not laws should be passed to make it harder for guns to be obtained. Guns serve for a variety of purposes that range from good to bad. Guns are not for everyone. Some individuals cannot handle guns properly, and some choose to use guns inappropriately. Lately, guns have become more of a problem in our society. There has been an increasing amount of shootings that have taken many lives and have wounded people emotionally, not just physically. Although guns are used for protection, firearms are reportedly used more in crimes. More and more shootings are breaking out across the nation. As a result, the†¦show more content†¦The reason why our nation is allowed to bear a large quantity of firearms is due to the Second Amendment of our constitution, which specifically states, A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a fre e State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. (U.S. Const. am. 2) Because of how vague this amendment is when it comes to law interpretation, it is often used by gun advocates to argue for lenient gun laws. Even though the Second Amendment prevents the federal government from completely banning guns in America, there are still restrictions on the distribution and possession of firearms. Each of the states have their own specific gun laws but generally, a person must obtain a license or permit to purchase or possess a firearm. Also, another thing to note is that all states allow some form of concealed carry, which is carrying a concealed firearm in public. Despite the laws that allow the bearing and distribution of guns, society has multiple viewpoints concerning the usage and appropriateness of the freedom of having the right to bear arms. The Gun Control Act of 1968 is a federal law that basically regulates the gun industry. The purpose of this fe deral firearms regulation is to assist Federal, State, and local law enforcement in the ongoing effort to reduce crime and violence (Gun Control Overview). The Gun Control Act of 1968 was amended by the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act. In thisShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Gun Control1018 Words   |  5 PagesImagine, an America where no citizen, law abiding or not, has the legal ability to own guns. Three gunmen with fully automatic rifles walk into a crowded city and begin firing. No law abiding citizen can defend themselves. It’s hopeless. This future can only be prevented if Americans continue to keep the second amendment. We should keep the current gun control laws, but revise them to make them even better. Most gun owners are responsible under the current laws, however, I think some laws need to be stricterRead MoreGun Control1030 Words   |  5 PagesGarcia English 1301 Instructor: Nancy Cassano Essay 2 2/13/2013 Gun Control in America The United States government should have the authority to restrict and regulate American citizens from buying or owning firearms. Gun Control laws are necessary in a state because they decrease violence and increase government protection in the state. Gun laws are the cause of much violent crime in America, and they need to be changed to better background checks, tracking the movement and sale of weapons, andRead MoreGun Control Laws Should Have A Good Middle Balance1569 Words   |  7 PagesWhile some people say it takes away their rights , Gun control is a good thing because Less crimes will be committed by firearms, Gun control is good for everyone s safety , and Countries with stricter gun control has less death by firearms .America has the highest amount of gun related deaths each year in the world. â€Å"In Germany 381, in France 255, in Canada 165 in the United Kingdom 68, in Australia 65, in Japan 39 and in the United States, 11,127† (Moore Michael, 51:15-51:48). Since the UnitedRead MoreThe Highest Amount Of Gun Control Laws1362 Words   |  6 PagesDaniel Danzo Research Paper America has the highest amount of gun related deaths each year in the world. â€Å"In Germany 381, in France 255, in Canada 165 in the United Kingdom 68, in Australia 65, in Japan 39 and in the United States, 11,127† (Moore Michael, 51:15-51:48). Since the United States has the highest number of deaths, it is important to have gun-control laws that restrict people from owning dangerous firearms like machine guns. Gun-control laws should support both sides of the debate. OfRead MoreAmerica Needs Gun Control Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesFor years proposals for gun control and the ownership of firearms have been among the most controversial issues in modern American politics. The public debate over guns in the United States is often seen as having two side. Some people passionately assert that the Second Amendment protects an individuals right to own guns while others assert that the Second Amendment does no more than protect the right of states to maintain militias. There ar e many people who insist that the Constitution is a livingRead MoreGun Control Laws Should Have A Balance1439 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica has the highest amount of gun related deaths each year in the world. â€Å"In Germany 381, in France 255, in Canada 165 in the United Kingdom 68, in Australia 65, in Japan 39 and in the United States, 11,127† (Moore Michael, 51:15-51:48). Since the United States has the highest number of deaths, it is important to have gun-control laws that restrict people from owning dangerous firearms like machine guns. Gun-control laws should support both sides of the debate. Of course, both sides will notRead More Michael Moore ´s Bowling For Columbine Essay972 Words   |  4 Pagesabout gun violence in America. Michael Moore is successful in showing that America has been going through many gun tragedies; and portrays the sense that America’s problems are out of control. He conveys this through informative facts, images, and comparisons. Throughout the film Michael Moore throws many cold facts on the screen that makes it obvious that the strong nation of America is unruly. One of the facts that stand out the most is the number of deaths caused by guns in America perRead MoreGun Control Regulations Should Be Banned Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesGun violence in recent years has increased significantly in various parts of the word. Most often the ones caught in the crossfire are children and young adults; who are also perpetrators. The question every wants to know is: Are gun laws, strict enough and what else can be done to reduce such violence from occurring. This is the debate that lobbyist and government officials have been arguing over for years. With more lives being affected on a regular basis, the increase concerns arise as to howRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pagespeople die from guns than from car accidents. In 2016 alone, there have been 1,622 accidental shootings and 515 o f those shootings have involved children (Barone 1). As of 2009, there has been 310 million handguns circulating the United States (Barone 1). This is why the topic of gun rights has slowly become one of the most popular and controversial topics in today s society. The big problem regarding gun rights is that the nation is split when it comes to wehter or not gun control should be enforcedRead MoreThe Gun Control Laws Is The National Firearms Act Of 19341347 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The left, liberals, believe that if we just have more gun control laws, all the problems are going to go away. Well, I don t think so. I don t think so. I think - yes, it will, it will be reduced. There s no question about that.† (brainquotes). The earliest federal gun-control law was the National Firearms Act of 1934, which restrictive $200 tax on the manufacture or sale of machine guns and sawed-off shotguns. All sales were to be recorded in a national registry. Franklin D. Roosevelt wanted

International and Transnational Crimes Free Essays

International/Transnational Crimes Saphia Christopher Strayer University CRJ 330 Professor Ackerman International crimes can be described as â€Å"crimes against the peace and security of mankind†. International crimes are based on international agreements between countries or on legal precedents developed through history, and include offenses such as such as genocide, torture, and enslavement of populations. These are among the acts identified by consensus among nations as being illegal everywhere. We will write a custom essay sample on International and Transnational Crimes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dammer Albanese, 2011). The Foca rape case verdict in February 2001 was the first time that individuals were convicted for rape as a crime against humanity. The Foca rape case was prosecuted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (the ICTY) in an effort to bring to justice those responsible for crimes against humanity in the war in Bosnia. Prior to the Foca rape case no one had ever been convicted of rape as a crime against humanity. Rape causes serious bodily or mental harm and international criminal tribunals have indicated that rape can constitute genocide when it is directed toward destroying a national, ethnic, racial or religious group. Under international law the crime of rape is a physical invasion of a sexual nature, which is not limited to a physical invasion of the body and may involve acts where there is no penetration or even physical contact (Parker, 2010). The prosecution in the Foca rape case argued the use of rape in attacks on civilians was widespread and systematic. To support this allegation the prosecution worked to show that the tactic was repeated and continuous (systematic) and that what had happened in Foca was a representative sample of Serbian methods of ethnic cleansing in Bosnia (widespread). The court ruled that these acts of rape were recognized as crimes against humanity because they were part of a systematic and widespread campaign and the acts included elements of enslavement (Parker, 2010). Transnational crimes are offenses whose inception, acts, and impact involve more than one country. These crimes usually involve the provision of illicit goods or illicit services, or the infiltration of business or government (Dammer Albanese, 2011). Transnational organized crime is not stagnant, but is an ever-changing industry, adapting to markets and creating new forms of crime. In short, it is an illicit business that transcends cultural, social, linguistic and geographical boundaries and one that knows no borders or rules. Drug trafficking continues to be the most lucrative form of business for criminals, with an estimated annual value of $320 billion. In 2009, UNODC placed the approximate annual worth of the global cocaine and opiate markets alone at $85 billion and $68 billion, respectively (UNODC, 2012). Jacob Saul Stuart, 39, pleaded guilty in November 2011 to conspiracy to distribute controlled substances and conspiracy to commit money laundering. DEA and HSI special agents, using court authorized wiretaps, determined Stuart’s smuggling ring was transporting and distributing up to 2,000 pounds of marijuana and as much as 440 pounds of cocaine every month. The operation involved smuggling marijuana into the U. S. rom Canada, where it was distributed across the country to California, Illinois, Missouri, Georgia and New Jersey, among other locations. Proceeds from the marijuana sales were then used to purchase cocaine in Southern California. The cocaine was delivered to members of the outlaw motorcycle gang Hells Angels in British Columbia for distribution in Canada. Over the course of the investigation, officials seized m ore than $2 million and 300 pounds of cocaine; and more than 2,200 pounds of marijuana from locations across the country. Jacob Stuart was subsequently sentenced to fifteen years in prison (DHS, 2012). References Dammer, H. and Albanese, J. (2011). Comparative criminal justice systems. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning Parker, J. (2010). Rape as an International Crime. Retrieved October 22, 2012 from: http://www. opednews. com/articles/1/RAPE-AS-AN-INTERNATIONAL-C-by-Janet-Parker-101204-241. html N. A. (2012) Transnational Drug Ring Leader: Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved October 22, 2012 from: http://www. ice. gov/news/releases/1210/121019seattle2. htm N. A. (2012) Transnational Organized Crime: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Retrieved October 22, 2012 from: http://www. unodc. org/toc/en/crimes/organized-crime. html How to cite International and Transnational Crimes, Essay examples

Business Law for Inventory Purchasing Decisions - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Law for Inventory Purchasing Decisions. Answer: The Directors and the Executives of Dick Smith have been accused of committing a breach of their directorial duty to exercise reasonable care after the company has suffered financial collapse in January 2016. The former directors of the Dick Smith had to face legal action 14 months after the electronics chain was put into administration. Receiver brought a legal action against the directors and executives to recover losses worth $60 million as the directors failed to exercise reasonable standard of care and skill managing the companys inventory. The company was alleged that its inventory purchasing decisions are based on maximizing rebates instead of demand of the customers which led to an increase in the redundant stock amounting to $180 million by October 2015. The excessive stock led the company write off $60 million of inventory in November 2015. The directors were accused of inflating profits artificially in the 2015 financial year, as they were recoding rebates as profit. Although the directors denied that they made the purchasing decisions based on rebates, the chief financial officer of the company admitted in court that the company did adopt a strategy to enhance the earnings from rebates. The law firm defending the directors contended that the directors have always acted diligently, consciously and exercised reasonable care while carrying out the business operation of the company. Issues in the article The issue that arises in the Dick Smiths case is that the directors have failed to exercise their statutory duty to exercise due care and diligence while carrying out the business operations of the company. Relevant laws According to Section 180 (1) of the Corporations Act (Cth) a director was required to act with reasonable care and diligence. Under general law, whether a director had committed a breach of his directorial duties is subject to the subjective assessment and depends largely on the directors own knowledge and skill (Velasco 2014). However, in Re City Equitable [1925] the rule, the court held that in order to determine whether a director has violated his directorial duties, the objective test shall be applied where the director must establish that he has exercised reasonable care and diligence and had not committed a breach of his duties. In Dick Smiths case, the directors and the executives were alleged to have failed to place adequate systems to manage the supplier rebates and inventory of the company. In ASIC v Healey [2011], the court held that the directors of the company are under statutory obligation to be able to read and comprehend the financial statements of the company instead of simply relying on the fact that the systems are in place. Further, in Daniels v Anderson [1995], the Court of Appeal held that directors must comprehend the nature of the duty that they are statutorily obligated to perform. Section 180 (1) of the Act further requires to impose an objective reasonable person test in order to determine whether the director has exhibited hid duty of care and diligence in the manner as any reasonable person would exhibit under similar circumstances. Reference List ASIC v Healey Ors [2011] FCA 717 JWS Daniels v Anderson [1995] 37 nswlr 438 Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co [1925] Ch 407 Velasco, J., 2014. A Defense of the Corporate Law Duty of Care.

Vincent Zulo guys and pin stripes Essay Example For Students

Vincent Zulo: guys and pin stripes Essay Conventional wisdom says clothes make the man, but can they also make the show? Vincent Zulo is a tailor for the theatre who has left his imprint on hundreds of productions here and abroad, from Broadway extravaganzas to the Barnum and Bailey Circus to modest two-character plays. Robert DeNiro, Dustin Hoffman and Alec Baldwin have passed through his fitting roomsits no exaggeration to call him the tailor to the stars. Anybody you can mention, theyve come through this shop, he says with a crinkly smile and the engaging inflections of his native Italy. Those who imagine a tailor as a bent little man sewing tiny stitches by hand alone in a dark garret might be surprised by Zulo and his shop. Hes well-dressed, cordial and energetic, and his tidy loft in the garment district of Manhattan is surrounded by windows and filled with modern equipment and a staff that ranges in size from 13 to 20. Zulo began his training in Italy at the age of eight, working after school in a tailoring shop to help support his large family. In 1966 he immigrated to New York, and went to work at Eves Costumes where in short order he was assigned to tailor Mata Hari, which he accurately describes as a big flop. The Edward Thomas-Martin Charnin musical starring Marisa Mell and Pernell Roberts closed after a disastrous Washington tryout involving collapsing scenery and a spotlight accidentally turned on a nearly-nude Mell as she changed costumes. Zulo, undeterred by this unauspicious beginning, was caught up in the excitement of the theatre and eventually opened his own shop in 1980. We will write a custom essay on Vincent Zulo: guys and pin stripes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Among Zulos favorite shows are Andrew Lloyd Webbers Phantom of the Operanot because of the famous falling chandelier, but because he had the chance to equal and sometimes improve on the original costumes tailored by talented craftsmen in Englandand the current Broadway mounting of Guys and Dolls. Working from William Ivey Longs award-winning designs, Zulo and his staff constructed all of the latter productions period menswearabout 75 percent of the shows 250 costumesnot only cutting and tailoring the suits, but also creating half of the fabric in the shop. In the eye of the viewer Zulo designed and soldered special sewing-machine feet to adapt his machines to do the difficult embroidery for Guys and Dolls. The staff started with a solid-colored fabric and, using over-stiching, embroidery and mock-weaving techniques, added stripes of various colors and sizesno painting, dyeing or applique was used. To understand the scope of this undertaking, imagine a pinstriped suit. Imagine sewing each of the hundreds of stripes onto the fabric by machine (keeping the lines straight!). Imagine enough fabric for about 90 suits. This time-consuming procedure was used to give Long the colors and shapes he needed without making the suits stiff, a challenge that makes this show memorable for Zulo. In a short time we produced so much work, he says. We worked all night, and then at the end when the show was so successful we felt really rewarded. But what difference does all this work make to the untutored eye? If you dont know much, a suit is a suit, Zulo shrugs. It can be 1930 or 1909 or 1960, it looks the same. Its pants and a jacket. True appreciation of the customers craft, he says, depends on the discriminating eye of the viewer. When people go see Guys and Dolls, theyre supposed to go there in the spirit of the 40s. I like it when people are critical, because satisfaction comes back because the audience knows what is there. .u92f762d4ea72a88a27ecc61d3bab914e , .u92f762d4ea72a88a27ecc61d3bab914e .postImageUrl , .u92f762d4ea72a88a27ecc61d3bab914e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u92f762d4ea72a88a27ecc61d3bab914e , .u92f762d4ea72a88a27ecc61d3bab914e:hover , .u92f762d4ea72a88a27ecc61d3bab914e:visited , .u92f762d4ea72a88a27ecc61d3bab914e:active { border:0!important; } .u92f762d4ea72a88a27ecc61d3bab914e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u92f762d4ea72a88a27ecc61d3bab914e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u92f762d4ea72a88a27ecc61d3bab914e:active , .u92f762d4ea72a88a27ecc61d3bab914e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u92f762d4ea72a88a27ecc61d3bab914e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u92f762d4ea72a88a27ecc61d3bab914e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u92f762d4ea72a88a27ecc61d3bab914e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u92f762d4ea72a88a27ecc61d3bab914e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u92f762d4ea72a88a27ecc61d3bab914e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u92f762d4ea72a88a27ecc61d3bab914e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u92f762d4ea72a88a27ecc61d3bab914e .u92f762d4ea72a88a27ecc61d3bab914e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u92f762d4ea72a88a27ecc61d3bab914e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Naturalistic Theatre EssayGood tailoring for the theatre is more colorful and sharper in line than streetwear, Zulo says, and Long agrees. When a show verges on being a cartoonin the use of color and shapeit is extremely important that the tailoring is top-notch the designer says of Guys and Dolls. For example, in these suits, you can see someone onstage from the side and trace the stripe all the way from the shoulder to the pants. This is great tailoring. Zulo works with the designer from the beginning of a project, choosing shape and fabric to make the costume sketch come to life. Despite the collaborative nature of the job, he stays flexible and takes care not to overstep his bounds. To my eyestailoring eyesa suit looks better one way, Zulo explains. For the script he has to look like a bum, I want to make him look like a big shot. Okay, they dont go together. The future of Zulos kind of craftsmanship is uncertain. There is no adequate training program to pass on tailoring skills, which take years to learn. Zulo operates a union shop and cannot afford to pay union wages to trainees. The world will keep going around, Zulo says philosophically of the future, but they will have to struggle more to produce this kind of project. Zulo is clearly a man who loves his work. You can see that on his face and hear it in his voice as he talks about his craft: Whatever you do, if you dont do it with satisfaction, with the feelings, its not worth it. His dedication to the theatre has earned him respect from scores of costume designers. I never compromise, he says. I always say it has to be this way, it has to be good.

War of 1812 Overview - Aftermath

War of 1812 Overview - Aftermath 1814: Advances in the North A Capital Burned | War of 1812: 101 Efforts for Peace As the war raged, President James Madison worked to bring it to a peaceful conclusion. Hesitant about going to war in the first place, Madison instructed his chargà © d’affaires in London, Jonathan Russell, to seek reconciliation with the British a week after war was declared in 1812. Russell was ordered to seek a peace that only required the British to repeal the Orders in Council and halt impressment. Presenting this to the British foreign minister, Lord Castlereagh, Russell was rebuffed as they were unwilling to move on the latter issue. There was little progress on the peace front until early 1813 when Czar Alexander I of Russia offered to mediate an end to hostilities. Having turned back Napoleon, he was eager benefit from trade with both Great Britain and the United States. Alexander also sought to befriend the United States as a check against British power. Upon learning of the czars offer, Madison accepted and dispatched a peace delegation consisting of John Quincy Adams, James Bayard, and Albert Gallatin. The Russian offer was declined by the British who claimed that the matters in question were internal to the belligerents and not of international concern. Progress was finally achieved later that year following the Allied victory at the Battle of Leipzig. With Napoleon defeated, Castlereagh offered to open direct negotiations with the United States. Madison accepted on January 5, 1814, and added Henry Clay and Jonathan Russell to the delegation. Traveling first to Goteborg, Sweden, they then headed south to Ghent, Belgium where the talks were to take place. Moving slowly, the British did not appoint a commission until May and their representatives did not depart for Ghent until August 2. Unrest on the Home Front As the fighting continued, those in New England and the South grew tired of the war. Never a great supporter of the conflict, New Englands coast was raided with impunity and its economy on the verge of collapse as the Royal Navy swept American shipping from the seas. South of the Chesapeake, commodity prices plummeted as farmers and plantation owners were unable to export cotton, wheat, and tobacco. Only in Pennsylvania, New York, and the West was there any degree of prosperity though this was largely related federal expenditures relating to the war effort. This spending led to resentment in New England and the South, as well as precipitated a financial crisis in Washington. Taking office in late 1814, Treasury Secretary Alexander Dallas forecasted a $12 million revenue shortfall for that year and predicted a $40 million shortfall for 1815. Efforts were made to cover the difference through loans and issuing treasury notes. For those who wished to continue the war, there was a genuine concern that there would not be funds to do so. During the course of the conflict, the national debt had ballooned from $45 million in 1812 to $127 million in 1815. While this angered Federalists who had opposed the war initially, it also worked to undermine Madisons support among his own Republicans. The Hartford Convention The unrest sweeping parts of the country came to a head in New England in late 1814. Angered over the federal governments inability to protect its coasts and its unwillingness to reimburse states for doing so themselves, the Massachusetts legislature called for a regional convention to discuss the issues and weigh whether the solution was something as radical as secession from the United States. This proposition was accepted by Connecticut which offered to host the meeting in Hartford. While Rhode Island agreed to send a delegation, New Hampshire and Vermont refused to officially sanction the meeting and sent representatives in an unofficial capacity. A largely moderate group, they convened in Hartford on December 15. Though their discussions were largely limited to a states right to nullify legislation that adversely affected its citizens and issues related to states preempting federal collection of taxes, the group badly erred by holding its meetings in secret. This led to wild speculation regarding its proceedings. When the group released its report on January 6, 1815, both Republicans and Federalists were relieved to see that it was largely a list of recommended constitutional amendments that were designed to prevent foreign conflicts in the future. This relief quickly evaporated as people came to consider the what ifs of the convention. As a result, those involved quickly became and associated with terms such as treason and disunion. As many were Federalists, the party became similarly tainted effectively ending it as a national force. Emissaries from the convention made it as far as Baltimore before learning of the wars end. The Treaty of Ghent While the American delegation contained several rising stars, the British group was less glamorous and consisted of admiralty lawyer William Adams, Admiral Lord Gambier, and Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies Henry Goulburn. Due to the proximity of Ghent to London, the three were kept on a short leash by Castlereagh and Goulburns superior, Lord Bathurst. As the negotiations moved forward, the Americans pressed for an elimination of impressment while the British desired a Native American buffer state between the Great Lakes and the Ohio River. While the British refused to even discuss impressment, the Americans flatly refused to consider ceding territory back to the Native Americans. 1814: Advances in the North A Capital Burned | War of 1812: 101 1814: Advances in the North A Capital Burned | War of 1812: 101 As the two sides sparred, the American position was weakened by the burning of Washington. With the deteriorating financial situation, war weariness at home, and concerns over future British military successes, the Americans became more willing to deal. Similarly, with fighting and negotiations at a stalemate, Castlereagh consulted the Duke of Wellington, who had turned down command in Canada, for advice. As the British held no meaningful American territory, he recommended a return to status quo ante bellum and an immediate end to the war. With talks at the Congress of Vienna breaking down as a rift opened between Britain and Russia, Castlereagh became eager to end the conflict in North America to focus on European matters. Renewing the talks, both sides ultimately agreed to a return to status quo ante bellum. Several minor territorial and border issues were set aside for future resolution and the two sides signed the Treaty of Ghent on December 24, 1814. The treaty included no mention of impressment or a Native American state. Copies of the treaty were prepared and sent to London and Washington for ratification. The Battle of New Orleans The British plan for 1814 called for three major offensives with one coming from Canada, another striking at Washington, and the third hitting New Orleans. While the thrust from Canada was defeated at the Battle of Plattsburgh, the offensive in the Chesapeake region saw some success before being halted at Fort McHenry. A veteran of the latter campaign, Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane moved south that fall for the attack on New Orleans. Having embarked 8,000-9,000 men, under the command of Major General Edward Pakenham, Cochranes fleet arrived off Lake Borgne on December 12. In New Orleans, the defense of city was tasked to Major General Andrew Jackson, commanding the Seventh Military District, and Commodore Daniel Patterson who oversaw the US Navys forces in the region. Working frantically, Jackson assembled around 4,000 men which included the 7th US Infantry, a variety of militia, Jean Lafittes Baratarian pirates, as well as free black and Native American troops. Assuming a strong defensive position along the river, Jackson prepared to receive Pakenhams assault. With both sides unaware that peace had been concluded, the British general moved against the Americans on January 8, 1815. In a series of attacks, the British were repulsed and Pakenham killed. The signature American land victory of the war, the Battle of New Orleans forced the British to withdraw and re-embark. Moving east, they contemplated an attack on Mobile, but learned of the wars end before it could move forward. The Second War of Independence While the British government had speedily ratified the Treaty of Ghent on December 28, 1814, it took much longer for word to reach across the Atlantic. News of the treaty arrived in New York on February 11, a week after the city learned of Jacksons triumph. Adding to the spirit of celebration, the news that the war had ended quickly spread throughout the country. Receiving a copy of the treaty, the US Senate ratified it by a 35-0 vote on February 16 to officially bring the war to a close. Once the relief of peace had worn off, the war was viewed in the United States as a victory. This belief was propelled by victories such as New Orleans, Plattsburgh, and Lake Erie as well as by the fact that the nation had successfully resisted the power of the British Empire. Success in this second war of independence helped forge a new national consciousness and ushered in the Era of Good Feelings in American politics. Having gone to war for its national rights, the United States never again was refused proper treatment as an independent nation. Conversely, the war was also viewed as victory in Canada where the residents took pride in having successfully defended their land from American invasion attempts. In Britain, little thought was given to the conflict especially as the spectre of Napoleon rose again in March 1815. While the war is noew generally viewed as stalemate between the principal combatants, the Native Americans exited the conflict as losers. Effectively forced out of the Northwest Territory and large tracts of the Southeast, their hope for a state of their own vanished with the end of the war. 1814: Advances in the North A Capital Burned | War of 1812: 101

Supply chain management definition Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Supply chain management definition - Case Study Example The service industry relies heavily on the customer experience as it is subjective and therefore introduces complexities into the supply chain. These complexities arise from the variety of goods and services demand from the customer, as they are not uniform in their demand. Therefore the value of the supply chain always starts with customer, as they want shorter times to market for new goods and services. The customer also wants some level of customisation and personalisation to their circumstances which means the service organisation has to reduce its inventories and keep lower stock to prevent losses from unsold stock. Lower unit costs allow the service organisation to pass on a cost advantage to the customer, and this involves improving its use of existing assets in the first instance to reduce disruption to its quality advantage. This essay will analyse a case study of Marks and Spencer and their management of the supply chain. ... Marks and Spencer (M&S) was established in an era where public opinion was still conservative and fashion dictated to the public. This was reflected in its styles and clothing lines, and its dated methods of supply chain management. M&S had two seasons which meant they had a large inventory and profits were dependent on the ability of the stores to clear this stock. This practice was significantly different to that of its competitors, who had realised that restructuring the supply chain process was the only way to meet the unstable customer demand. M&S had also failed to analyse its external environment, which led to its competitors gaining a competitive edge. For instance, Zara, a Spanish clothing retailer, had created its target market and its stock was only available in store for a maximum of 4 weeks, compared to 9 months for M&S. Zara was able to achieve this turnaround by managing its supply chain, which enabled it to be flexible to cope with fluctuating demands. The limited time for stock availability also meant that customers were exposed to more fashion ranges and designs and this created the perception of personalisation. So whilst Zara and other competitors were focussing their efforts on a niche market, M&S was still marketing to a non-descript market and not offering the choice, flexibility and speed demanded by the customer. M&S had failed to act on falling customer satisfaction ratings by simply ignoring them and not realising that part of this dissatisfaction lay in its earlier decision to withdraw the children's clothing range. By the time M&S had reached this realisation, profits had halved and the forecast was not promising. As they had not sold any of their stock, their warehouses were still filled with the previous

Is Rim Destined to eventually Fail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Is Rim Destined to eventually Fail - Essay Example The growth is witnessed in terms of output, staffing and the manufacturing infrastructure. The consistent increase in volume of the company’s products ensures its competitiveness in the marketplace by confirming that the products it supplies are market-friendly and adequate to the ever-increasing number of customers. The increase in production is fueled by the adequacy of staff. Adequate staff ensure that work is concluded on time hence meeting the company deadlines. Manufacturing infrastructure on the other hand facilitates invention and innovation resulting in originality of the company products (Palmatier & Crum, 2003). Externally, there is the ever-rising pressure from the rapidly expanding consumer base; RIM products experience a short lifecycle. Therefore, they have extended manufacturing contracts to likeminded firms to help them in production to meet the ever-rising customer demands. This has extended the decision making chain resulting in complexity when it comes to market efficiency and decision-making in terms of enhancing supply chains. The software makeup of the organization is also not up to the task prompting the implementation of a decision support system for the company to ensure it continues its operations successfully (Chopra & Meindl, 2001). In the recent past RIM has been quite successful and because of this success a crop of challenges have come up threatening the success of the corporation. The company introduced seven new models of their products within the last 18 months. The challenge with these products is their shortened lifecycle that has reduced further from 2 years to a mere 1 year. Reports show that the company’s product portfolio has become very complex ranging from 18 to 100 possible end combinations of the models with only seven lines of products. This has the challenge of easily creating what we call an

Motivation across cultures

Motivation across cultures EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of the study was to find out what motivates employees across cultures. To thoroughly study various motivational theories and international researches and studies done to relate these theories to an international perspective. To study the various aspects and psychological process of motivation and to study how to motivate employees. Research Methodology:- RESEARCH TYPE:- DESCRIPTIVE STUDY METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION:- I have used secondary data for my research. And this has been collected from:- Various internet sites. News papers. Books. Journals. Motivation Across Cultures objectives of the study DEFINE motivation, and explain it as a psychological process. EXAMINE the hierarchy-of-needs, two-factor, and achievement motivation theories, and assess their value to international human resource management. DISCUSS how an understanding of employee satisfaction can be useful in human resource management throughout the world. EXAMINE the value of process theories in motivating employees worldwide. RELATE the importance of job design, work centrality, and rewards to understanding how to motivate employees in an international context. The Nature of Motivation Motivation A psychological process through which unsatisfied wants or needs lead to drives that are aimed at goals or incentives. Motivation is the activation or energization of goal-oriented behavior. Motivation may be intrinsic or extrinsic. The term is generally used for humans but, theoretically, it can also be used to describe the causes for animal behavior as well. This article refers to human motivation. According to various theories, motivation may be rooted in the basic need to minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure, or it may include specific needs such as eating and resting, or a desired object, hobby, goal, state of being, ideal, or it may be attributed to less-apparent reasons such as altruism, morality, or avoiding mortality. The Nature of Motivation The Universalist Assumption The first assumption is that the motivation process is universal, that all people are motivated to pursue goals they value what the work-motivation theorists call goals with high valence or preference The process is universal Culture influences the specific content and goals pursued Motivation differs across cultures The Assumption of Content and Process Content Theories of Motivation Theories that explain work motivation in terms of what arouses, energizes, or initiates employee behavior. Process Theories of Motivation Theories that explain work motivation by how employee behavior is initiated, redirected, and halted. The Hierarchy-of-Needs Theory The Maslow Theory Maslows theory rests on a number of basic assumptions: Lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs become motivators A need that is satisfied no longer serves as a motivator There are more ways to satisfy higher-level than there are ways to satisfy lower-level needs The Hierarchy-of-Needs Theory International Findings on Maslows Theory With some minor modification researchers examined the need satisfaction and need importance of the four highest-level needs in the Maslow hierarch Esteem needs were divided into two groups: Esteem including needs for self-esteem and prestige Autonomy including desires for authority and opportunities for independent thought and action The Hierarchy-of-Needs Theory International Findings on Maslows Theory The Haire study indicated all these needs were important to the respondents across cultures International managers (not rank-and-file employees) indicated the upper-level needs were of particular importance to them Findings for select country clusters (Latin Europe, United States/United Kingdom, and Nordic Europe) indicated autonomy and self-actualization were the most important and least satisfied needs for the respondents Another study of managers in eight East Asian countries found that autonomy and self-actualization in most cases also ranked high. The Hierarchy-of-Needs Theory International Findings on Maslows Theory Some researchers have suggested modifying Maslows Western-oriented hierarchy by reranking the needs Asian cultures emphasize the needs of society Chinese hierarchy of needs might have four levels ranked from lowest to highest: Belonging (social) Physiological Safety Self-actualization (in the service of society) The Hierarchy-of-Needs Theory International Findings on Maslows Theory Hofstedes research indicates: Self-actualization and esteem needs rank highest for professionals and managers Security, earnings, benefits, and physical working conditions are most important to low-level, unskilled workers Job categories and levels may have a dramatic effect on motivation and may well offset cultural considerations MNCs should focus most heavily on giving physical rewards to lower-level personnel and on creating a climate where there is challenge, autonomy, the ability to use ones skills, and cooperation for middle- and upper-level personnel. The Two-Factor Theory of Motivation The Herzberg Theory Two-Factor Theory of Motivation A theory that identifies two sets of factors that influence job satisfaction: Motivators Job-content factors such as achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and the work itself. Hygiene Factors The Two-Factor Theory of Motivation The Herzberg Theory The two-factor theory holds that motivators and hygiene factors relate to employee satisfaction a more complex relationship than the traditional view that employees are either satisfied or dissatisfied If hygiene factors are not taken care of or are deficient there will be dissatisfaction There may be no dissatisfaction if hygiene factors are taken care of there may be no satisfaction also Only when motivators are present will there be satisfaction Views of Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction The Two-Factor Theory of Motivation International Findings on Herzbergs Theory Two categories of International findings relate to the two-factor theory: One type of study consists of replications of Herzbergs research in a particular country Do managers in country X give answers similar to those in Herzbergs original studies? The others are cross-cultural studies focusing on job satisfaction What factors cause job satisfaction and how do these responses differ from country to country? Two-Factor Replications A number of research efforts have been undertaken to replicate the two-factor theory they tend to support Herzbergs findings George Hines surveyed of 218 middle managers and 196 salaried employees in New Zealand using ratings of 12 job factors and overall job satisfaction he concluded the Herzberg model appears to have validity across occupational levels A similar study was conducted among 178 Greek managers this study found that overall Herzbergs two-factor theory of job satisfaction generally held true Cross-Cultural Job-Satisfaction Studies Motivators tend to be more important to job satisfaction than hygiene factors MBA candidates from four countries ranked hygiene factors at the bottom and motivators at the top while Singapore students (of a different cultural cluster than the other three groups) gave similar responses Result:- Job-satisfaction-related factors may not always be culturally bounded Lower- and middle-management personnel attending management development courses in Canada, the United Kingdom, France, and Japan ranked the importance of 15 job-related outcomes and how satisfied they were with each Result:- Job content may be more important than job context Job-Context Factors In work motivation, those factors controlled by the organization, such as conditions, hours, earnings, security, benefits, and promotions. Job-Content Factors In work motivation, those factors internally controlled, such as responsibility, achievement, and the work itself. Achievement Motivation Theory The Background of Achievement Motivation Theory Characteristic profile of high achievers: They like situations in which they take personal responsibility for finding solutions to problems. Tend to be moderate risk-takers rather than high or low risk-takers. Want concrete feedback on their performance. Often tend to be loners, and not team players. A high nAch can be learned. Ways to develop high-achievement needs: Obtain feedback on performance and use the information to channel efforts into areas where success will likely be attained Emulate people who have been successful achievers; Develop an internal desire for success and challenges Daydream in positive terms by picturing oneself as successful in the pursuit of important objectives. International Findings on Achievement Motivation Theory Polish industrialists were high achievers scoring 6.58 (U.S. managers scored an average of 6.74) Managers in countries as diverse as the United States and those of the former Soviet bloc in Central Europe have high needs for achievement Later studies did not find a high need for achievement in Central European countries Average high-achievement score for Czech industrial managers was 3.32 (considerably lower than U.S. managers) International Findings on Achievement Motivation Theory Achievement motivation theory must be modified to meet the specific needs of the local culture: The culture of many countries does not support high achievement Anglo cultures and those that reward entrepreneurial effort do support achievement motivation and their human resources should probably be managed accordingly Hofstede offers the following advice: The countries on the feminine side . . . distinguish themselves by focusing on quality of life rather than on performance and on relationships between people rather than on money and things. This means social motivation: quality of life plus security and quality of life plus risk. Select Process Theories Equity Theory When people perceive they are being treated equitably it will have a positive effect on their job satisfaction If they believe they are not being treated fairly (especially in relation to relevant others) they will be dissatisfied which will have a negative effect on their job performance and they will strive to restore equity. There is considerable research to support the fundamental equity principle in Western work groups. When the theory is examined on an international basis, the results are mixed. Equity perceptions among managers and non-managers in an Israeli kibbutz production unit:- Everyone was treated the same but managers reported lower satisfaction levels than the workers. Managers perceived their contributions to be greater than other groups in the kibbutz and felt under compensated for their value and effort. Employees in Asia and the Middle East often readily accept inequitable treatment in order to preserve group harmony Men and women in Japan and Korea (and Latin America) typically receive different pay for doing the same work due to years of cultural conditioning women may not feel they are treated inequitably These results indicate equity theory is not universally applicable in explaining motivation and job satisfaction Goal-Setting Theory A process theory that focuses on how individuals go about setting goals and responding to them and the overall impact of this process on motivation . Specific areas that are given attention in goal-setting theory include: The level of participation in setting goals Goal difficulty Goal specificity The importance of objective Timely feedback to progress toward goals Unlike many theories of motivation, goal setting has been continually refined and developed There is considerable research evidence showing that employees perform extremely well when they are assigned specific and challenging goals that they have had a hand in setting Most of these studies have been conducted in the United States few have been carried out in other cultures Norwegian employees shunned participation and preferred to have their union representatives work with management in determining work goals.Researchers concluded that individual participation in goal setting was seen as inconsistent with the prevailing Norwegian philosophy of participation through union representatives In the United States employee participation in setting goals is motivational it had no value for the Norwegian employees in this study Expectancy Theory A process theory that postulates that motivation is influenced by a persons belief that Effort will lead to performance Performance will lead to specific outcomes, and The outcomes will be of value to the individual. Expectancy theory predicts that high performance followed by high rewards will lead to high satisfaction Does this theory have universal application? Eden found some support for it while studying workers in an Israeli kibbutz Matsui and colleagues found it could be successfully applied in Japan Expectancy theory could be culture-bound international managers must be aware of this limitation in motivating human resources since expectancy theory is based on employees having considerable control over their environment (a condition that does not exist in many cultures) Motivation Applied:- Job Design, Work Centrality, and Rewards Quality of Work Life: The Impact of Culture Quality of work life (QWL) is not the same throughout the world. Assembly-line employees in Japan work at a rapid pace for hours and have very little control over their work activities. Assembly-line employees in Sweden work at a more relaxed pace and have a great deal of control over their work activities. U.S. assembly-line employees typically work somewhere between at a pace less demanding than Japans but more structured than Swedens. Sociotechnical Job Designs:- The objective of these designs is to integrate new technology into the workplace so that workers accept and use it to increase overall productivity.New technology often requires people learn new methods and in some cases work faster. Employee resistance is common. Effective sociotechnical design can overcome these problems. Some firms have introduced sociotechnical designs for better blending of their personnel and technology without sacrificing efficiency Eg:- General Foods- Autonomous groups at its Topeka, Kansas plant, Workers share responsibility and work in a highly democratic environment Other U.S. firms have opted for a self-managed team approach Multifunctional teams with autonomy for generating successful product innovation is more widely used by successful U.S., Japanese, and European firms than any other teamwork concept Work Centrality:- The importance of work in an individuals life can provide important insights into how to motivate human resources in different cultures Japan has the highest level of work centrality Israel has moderately high levels The United States and Belgium have average levels The Netherlands and Germany have moderately low levels Britain has low levels Value of Work Work is an important part of most peoples lifestyles due to a variety of conditions Americans and Japanese work long hours because the cost of living is high Most Japanese managers expect their salaried employees who are not paid extra to stay late at work, and overtime has become a requirement of the job. There is recent evidence that Japanese workers may do far less work in a business day than outsiders would suspect In recent years, the number of hours worked annually by German workers has been declining, while the number for Americans has been on the rise. Germans place high value on lifestyle and often prefer leisure to work, while their American counterparts are just the opposite. Research reveals culture may have little to do with it A wider range of wages (large pay disparity) within American companies than in German firms creates incentives for American employees to work harder. Impact of overwork on the physical condition of Japanese workers One-third of the working-age population suffers from chronic fatigue The Japanese prime ministers office found a majority of those surveyed complained of :- Being chronically tired Feeling emotionally stressed Abusive conditions in the workplace Karoshi (overwork or job burnout) is now recognized as a real social problem Job Satisfaction EU workers see a strong relationship between how well they do their jobs and the ability to get what they want out of life U.S. workers were not as supportive of this relationship Japanese workers were least likely to see any connection This finding suggest difficulties may arise in American, European, and Japanese employees working together effectively Reward Systems Managers everywhere use rewards to motivate their personnel. Some rewards are financial in nature such as salary raises, bonuses, and stock options. Others are non-financial such as feedback and recognition. Significant differences exist between reward systems that work best in one country and those that are most effective in another. Incentives and Culture Use of financial incentives to motivate employees is very common in countries with high individualism. Financial incentive systems vary in range Individual incentive-based pay systems in which workers are paid directly for their output Systems in which employees earn individual bonuses based on organizational performance goals Many cultures base compensation on group membership. Such systems stress equality rather than individual incentive plans An individually based bonus system for the sales representatives in an American MNC introduced in its Danish subsidiary was rejected by the sales force because It favored one group over another Employees felt that everyone should receive the same size bonus Eg:- Indonesian oil workers rejected a pay-for-performance system where some work teams would make more money than others. Workers in many countries are highly motivated by things other than financial rewards The most important rewards in locations at 40 countries of an electrical equipment MNC involved recognition and achievement. Second in importance were improvements in the work environment and employment conditions including pay and work hours. Factors that concern employees across cultures French and Italian employees valued job security highly while American and British workers held it of little importance Scandinavian workers placed high value on concern for others on the job and for personal freedom and autonomy but did not rate getting ahead very important German workers ranked security, fringe benefits, and getting ahead as very important Japanese employees put good working conditions and a congenial work environment high on their list but ranked personal advancement quite low Conclusion The types of incentives that are deemed important appear to be culturally influenced. Culture can even affect the overall cost of an incentive system. Japanese efforts to introduce Western-style merit pay systems typically lead to an increase in overall labor costs. Companies fear that reducing the pay of less productive workers may cause them to lose face and disturb group harmony. Hence, everyones salary increases as a result of merit pay systems. Factors that motivate employees varies across culture. People from different cultures give different preferences to the factors involved. So while deciding the ways to motivate the workforce the factors that concern to that culture specifically should be kept in mind. References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation http://www.squidoo.com/selfmotivation http://www.willingly.net/intrinsic_motivation/encyclopedia.htm http://www.mood.ws/motivation/encyclopedia.htm http://ironfistkungfu.com/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=65Itemid=66lang=en http://www.answers.com/topic/motivation http://daymix.com/Motivation/ http://academic.uofs.edu/organization/faculty-senate/curriculum/HADM331.doc http://www.squidoo.com/hypnosis-motivation http://www.borrowimmediate.com/Intrinsic_motivation/encyclopedia.htm http://imotivatemyself.com/ http://www.motivationproducts.com/ http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Arousal http://www.verzu.com/search?q=Motivationalqt=3 http://www.webcrawler.com/webcrawler200/ws/redir/_iceUrlFlag=11?rfcp=TopNavigationrfcid=407qcat=Webqkw=Motivationnewtxn=falseqcoll=Relevance_IceUrl=true http://www.webcrawler.com/webcrawler200/ws/redir/qcat=Web/qcoll=relevance/qkw=Motivation/rfcp=RightNav/rfcid=302363/_iceUrlFlag=11?_IceUrl=true http://msxml.excite.com/info.xcite/ws/redir/qcat=Web/qcoll=relevance/qkw=Motivation/rfcp=RightNav/rfcid=302358/_iceUrlFlag=11?_IceUrl=true http://kf.mysearch.myway.com/search/redirect.jhtml?qid=8D1A3BDA72F94F392B39773BD138270Daction=clickp=GGmainss=subptnrS=KFst=barcb=KFpg=GGmainord=15searchfor=Motivationtpr=jrel3redirect=GGmain.jhtmlct=RR http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072920378/62068/5_5.doc http://www.examstutor.com/business/resources/studyroom/people_and_organisations/motivation_theory/4-herzbergstwofactortheory.php?style=printable http://www.projectalevel.co.uk/as_a2_business_studies/motivation_in_theory http://www.intimatecuisine.com/_cite_note-0 http://www.flashcardmachine.com/international-management-final1.html http://www.examstutor.com/business/resources/studyroom/people_and_organisations/motivation_theory/4-herzbergstwofactortheory.php

Moral Theory: Cultural Relativism

In a fast shrinking world there is very little that a society can do to hide from the scrutiny and judgmental eyes of others. The media and the Internet make it very easy for the rest of the world to know of any indiscretion or any wrongdoing committed by a person or a group of individuals. The problem with judging others though is not as simple as it may seem. There is simply no universal rule to be followed when it comes to some of the more complex ethical issues such as euthanasia, abortion, recreational drug use, etc. Determining what is right and wrong, in this modern age, has been simplified to a moral relativism never before seen since the Western World accepted religion as a standard for living right.The idea that no one can judge others – especially those coming from a different culture – is also known as cultural relativism. This is rooted, in a more general sense, to a concept called moral relativism. This makes the discussion more complicated because accordi ng to Timmons, relativism, â€Å"†¦ is used as a label for a quite a variety of views and ideas that differ in important ways† (2002, p. 38). Timmons adds, that relativism should be understood from the following perspective, â€Å"†¦rightness or wrongness of actions ultimately depends on the moral code of the culture to which one belongs† (2002, p. 38).The PositiveBased on the above-stated definition the proponent can glean at least three ideas that can go in support and against cultural relativism. When it comes to those in favor of relativism then the following are easy to adhere to:1.Cultural relativism allow other groups of people to experience a degree of freedom that they so crave without the interference of outside forces who may not have a clear understanding of what they are doing.2.Cultural relativism makes a person outside the cultural sphere to give the insiders the benefit of the doubt which in some cases is needed to give other people room to ex plain themselves or to execute a plan to its completion.3.Cultural relativism allows for healthy boundaries. This means that other nations or other people groups would do well to mind their own business.The NegativeNow when it comes to the other side, one can also easily find that there are two sides to every idea. When it comes to cultural relativism the negative connotation is ambivalence that at best leads to instability and at worst will lead to chaos as explained in the following:1.Cultural relativism allows for excuses when in fact what is needed is responsibility.2.Cultural relativism allows gross misbehavior that can often lead to violence, violation of human rights etc.3.Cultural relativism can be the cause of misunderstanding that can escalate to war and other international incidents.Expounding on the ideas described above it is better to begin from the positive side of cultural relativism. It is a common contention that cultural relativism is a position that one should ta ke when discussing the evils of legalism – the familiar scene when those who are in a position to demand conformity abuses their power and forces others to follow. The dogmatism and legalism that came from religion is a painful reminder that without a proper view of cultural relativism then there are interest groups who will impose harsh laws and statutes that would make it impossible for others to follow.With regards to the second point, there are cases wherein people groups and even individuals need the benefit of the doubt from others in order for them to fully express themselves or even to execute a plan to perfection. The Western mindset can criticize the oriental mindset but there are times in history when the Western World could have benefited from the wisdom of some Asian practices if they just took the time to give them the benefit of the doubt. Americans for instance ridiculed some of the business practices of post-war Japan and later found out that their way of doi ng things allow them to produce quality products that even surpassed the competition.With regards to the third point, there is no need to look further and begin examining U.S. foreign policy and the way it has been criticized all over the world. There can be good reasons why the mighty United States of America is meddling with the affairs of other countries. But the reaction is already evident in the now infamous September 11 and the Iraq debacle.Understanding, the positive side of cultural relativism would do well to heal conflicts between two different groups but at the same time too much of a good thing can also backfire. Moral looseness can spell chaos, disaster, and tyranny. With regards to the first idea as to why cultural relativism must be opposed a case study was presented by the sociologist James Q. Wilson in sharing an experience he had with his class. Details are shown in the following pages.According to Wilson, he had an interesting and somewhat disturbing discussion wi th his students in the subject of relativism. He said that the students in reaction to the issue of the holocaust asserted an extreme form of relativism in that they refused to acknowledge that the evil that was the holocast.This is very serious for Wilson and the proponent of this study agrees with him. There is clearly a demarcation line between allowing room for cultural relativism and simply turning a blind eye towards something as significant as the murder of six million people. This is an example as to how cultural relativism can be taken too far.Furthermore, the two points raised concerning the negative aspect of cultural relativism can also be seen in the case study presented by Wilson. Cultural relativism can result in behavior that is destructive and harmful for the general public. In this case a group of people – the Nazis – were given blanket authority to harm fellow Germans, who happened to be Jews. This is the disturbing thing about relativism. The Jews w ho were massacred were not people belonging to another nation. They were in fact Germans, with valid citizenship who happened to belong to a particular heritage or to a particular religion. Yet, the Nazis did not consider this and instead went on to murder their own.On the third and last point, cultural relativism can be allowed but only on certain terms. If cultural relativism is allowed without boundaries, it can result in something as serious as a world at war. And the Nazis rise to power is the case in point. The German people allowed this group of radicals to dictate their politics and their moral code. So at the end they were forced to pay a steep price for it. Even today their history is tainted with the blood of six million Jews and it is more jarring that some of them are trying to erase the stigma by using cultural relativism, an idea that was seen in full bloom in Mr. Wilson’s class.ConclusionCultural relativism, an idea rooted in moral relativism is a view that in essence encourages respect and creating boundaries in dealing with people coming from a different social background and culture. This simply means that relativism allow for a more understanding environment, a world where people learn to be more gracious and open minded when it comes to other people’s actions. Those who agree with cultural relativism points to the necessity of first understanding the other person’s social background, culture, and the details of the circumstances that made him or her do something even as disturbing as the holocaust.This view plays an important role in creating a world more open to discussion and less prone to hostility. But there is another side to cultural relativism that can create the same set of problems that it hoped to solve. Those who are espousing cultural relativism aims for a global society that is more humane, more forgiving and more open to discussion. The opposite can happen as seen above.The explanation can be partly seen in the analysis of Catherine Wilson who remarked that in order to perform, â€Å"†¦just and benevolent actions, to approve just and benevolent actions in others, and to attribute merit to those who perform them †¦ requires a social system that regards actions as items for judgment and criticism† (2004, p. 4). In other words this world cannot function having only cultural relativism as a guide. Humanity requires something more stable than just a simplistic answer such as relativism.Relativism is like a band-aid to something as serious as gangrene. One can simply patch up a festering wound denying the fact that something is rotting underneath hoping to show that everything is fine will not solve the problem. The sociologist James Wilson was right to be appalled by the naivete and simplistic formulations of his class. Six million people murdered not including millions more who suffered in death camps could not be simply be dismissed as part of freedom of expression bas ed on the unique circumstances surrounding the event.It is the height of hypocrisy for the students to turn a blind eye from the suffering of Jews in Word War II and yet become so livid when others are violating their own freedom. How come they can easily allow the Nazis to trample the rights of the Jews when they could not stand their own parents telling them what to do. This is simply inconsistent and goes against human nature. Cultural relativism can be allowed in areas where cultural preferences and highly debatable issues are at stake but not when lives are on the line and especially when heinous crimes were committed. ReferencesDreier, L. (2005). Contemporary Debates in Moral Theory. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.Posner, R. (1999). The Problematics of Moral and Legal Theory. Boston, MA: First HarvardUniversity Press.Soccio, D. J. (2004). Archetypes of Wisdom: An Introduction to Philosophy. 5th Ed. Belmont,CA: Wadsworth.Sorell, T. (2000). Moral Theory and Anomaly. Malden, MA : Blackwell Publishers.Timmons, M. (2002). Moral Theory: An Introduction. Maryland: Rowman & LittlefieldPublishers.Wilson, C. (2004). Moral Animals: Ideals and Constraints in Moral Theory. New York: OxfordUniversity Press.

Snake

Analysis of Theme in â€Å"Snake† A theme found in the poem â€Å"Snake† is that the respect man has for nature hinges on the difference between instinct and learned behavior. D. H. Lawrence expresses this theme through the use of similes and conflict. The literary elements used in the poem help clearly point out this meaningful message. As the poem begins, the narrator comes across a golden-brown snake as he approached his water trough. At first, the narrator shows respect and admiration for the creature.As stated in line (27), â€Å"But must I confess how I liked him, How glad I was he had come like a guest,† shows He felt honored by the snake’s presence. It is the narrator’s natural instinct to feel this way. The narrator then goes on to compare the snake to cattle by saying in line (16) â€Å"He lifted his head from his drinking, as cattle do, and looked at me vaguely, as drinking cattle do. † The use of this simile represents the respect the narrator has for the snake and reflects on the snake’s harmless behavior. Soon after, the narrator’s natural admiration and respect for the snake is interrupted by the voice of his education.Here begins the main internal conflict the narrator faces. The narrator listens to the voice in his conscience say, â€Å"The voice of my education said to me, he must be killed, for in Sicily the black, black snakes are innocent, the gold are venomous. and voices in me said, if you were a man, you would take a stick and break him now, and finish him off. (Line 22)† The narrator’s decision to listen to the voice of his education instead of his true feelings is what ultimately brings about the main consequence, which is the sense of guilt resulting from such a petty action.The consequence the narrator faced for killing the snake he had once admired was the feeling of regret and guilt. Although he showed respect and felt honored by the snake’s presence, both were overshadowed by the action of the narrator. The peaceful atmosphere immediately shifted when the narrator thought in his mind, â€Å"And immediately I regretted it. I thought how paltry, how vulgar, what a mean act! I despised myself and the voices of my accursed human education. (Line 63)† The negative feelings felt by the narrator were brought forth by something that man usually views as insignificant, the elationship between nature and man-kind. All that was left for the narrator to do was to extinguish his self-inflicted sense of sin against nature. The poem concludes on line 72 when the narrator utters, â€Å"And I have something to expiate: a pettiness. † The poem â€Å"Snake† clearly sends the message that the respect man has for nature depends on the difference between the inner conscience and the impulse of learned human behavior. The theme shines light on the importance of the relationship between nature and mankind because at the end of the day, they are both more similar than we assume.

The Root Causes Of Sudan s Civil Wars Peace Or Truce By...

The Root Causes of Sudan’s Civil Wars: Peace or Truce by Douglas H. Johnson is a phenomenal investigative account of North and South Sudan. The book should be praised for providing an insightful introduction into Sudanese domestic and foreign affairs. Although particular sections in the book are tough to understand with no background knowledge, Johnson makes his argument available to a broad set of readers. Johnson offers a precise and detailed argument that explains how the country resulted in war by the past and present history of the country. The book argues that Sudan has maintained a corrupt relationship with its borders. Johnson explains his analysis by the examples of the First Civil War, in addition to his main focus on the†¦show more content†¦Johnson explains that the civil war was a battle on the access to resources. Essentially, the book illustrates that armed forces would raid the oppositions resources to deny them of having assets. Firstly, thi s demonstrates that there were more causes to the ongoing civil wars then just the separation of the Arabic North and Christian South. Secondly, the book exhibits the idea that because of the US and the IMF provided financial aid and then aid towards the wars, would cause a tremendous problem between both sides for Johnson uses many sources to help disprove the theory of the Northern Arabs against the Christian South. Is the argument convincing? Why or Why not? The book’s argument is convincing because it demonstrate the gradual process of the Sudanese Civil Wars through border issues for two reasons. Johnson allows the audience to gather information by introducing the country, the colonialised background, and how the countries modern issues is an effect of past casualties. The book is a successful read by allowing the general progression of his argument to flow throughout the book. In addition, this approach makes the book easy for the readers to grasp the full concepts . Moreover, the argument is also influential because he describes a reasoning that many scholars have not viewed. Most authors have assumed that the conflicts of Sudan are because of religious divides between Northern Arabs and SouthernShow MoreRelatedRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pageswidely recognized authority on the movement, contends that there is â€Å"ambivalent routinization.†6 However, 4 INTRODUCTION he neither indicates what necessitates the use of the term ambivalent nor explains what it signiï ¬ es. Jack Anthony Johnson-Hill, by viewing the essence of Rastafari as an experience of liminality—that is, a threshold experience of leaving â€Å"Babylon† but not yet arriving in the â€Å"promised land†Ã¢â‚¬â€has eliminated the possibility of routinization.7 Neville G. Callam argues